I have now tried the HMD on a different PC. It turned out that this PC did not show any offset in tracking after calibrating, but seemed too be perfectly accurate!
Afterwards, I plugged the HMD into the original PC once again, where the problem still occurred, and reinstalled the runtime for a fourth or fifth time. This, for some peculiar reason, fixed the issue and tracking looks as expected now!
Whatever fixed the issue is not clear to me, but thanks for your suggestions @Daniel_Y and @Eric!